Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.
Scientific Reports volume 14, Article number: 25789 (2024 ) Cite this article 3 phase 3hp
Multiphase machines are very essential for industrial applications that require high reliability of operation. In this paper, a comparative study of three-phase and five-phase inverter fed permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) was evaluated with respect to their performance characteristics under a healthy state and during transient disturbances such as varied load and double line to ground faults. To avert inherent high oscillations in speed and torque ripples during fault condition, the machine load was significantly reduced to 1/4th of the full load and a post fault current limiting series dynamic braking resistance (SDBR) with a bypassed switch was introduced to enhance the machine fault tolerant level and improve its operational performance. Spectral analyses were carried out to determine the magnitude of harmonic distortion during these conditions. The simulation results show that the five-phase PMSM achieved a reduced oscillatory transient and a faster settling time of speed and torque under a varied load. It also exhibited good harmonic profiles as indicated in the respective % THD values when compared to the three phase PMSM which is prone to high harmonic overheat. However, when subjected to a double line to ground fault, their various %THD values in speed and torque increased with five-phase PMSM still having a reduced %THD values over the three-phase PMSM. Therefore, for a higher fault tolerant capability, greater efficiency with proven reliability, a five-phase PMSM with a fault current limiting series dynamic braking resistance is a better substitute when compared with the three-phase PMSM in industrial applications where safety and loss minimization is a top priority. All simulation processes in this paper were achieved in MATLAB 2015.
Permanent magnet synchronous machines have exhibited higher efficiency, improved power factor with no regular maintenance as a consequence of the absence of a gearbox1. They are widely applied in wind turbine for wind energy conversion processes. The evolution of multiphase a.c machines with the attendant significances has gained wider research interest. Application areas such as aircraft, spacecraft and automotive drives showed that the reliability of the machines control system is very essential to most critical industrial load. Although different types of multiphase machines exist, the emphasis on this study is on a three and five phase permanent magnet synchronous machine under a fault free-state with a varied load of [12.5Nm and 50Nm] and under a double line to ground fault which was introduced at the converter output arm. In existing literature, there are several fault ride through (FRT) or low voltage ride through (LVRT) control mechanism applied in permanent magnet synchronous generator wind turbines which range from peak current limitation, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of the wind speed and expensive crowbar switch2,3,4,5. Although different types of faults may occur during the motor drive operations such as inter turns short-circuit or even an open circuit phase fault which may occur on the power converter switches connected to the machine6-7. In recent years, the open-phase fault has received much attention and has served as one of the main fractions of overall machines drives faults which accounted for about 38% of the industrial drives8-9. This process usually occurs when either one phase of the machine linked to a source is completely disconnected or due to damage in one leg of the power converter switches or stator winding connection error. Conventionally, under open-phase fault, the machine performance and efficiency degrade owing to the unbalanced phase. To ensure high reliability in this regard, an open-phase fault tolerant drive measures become expedient with a multiphase machine whose phase is above three10-11. The multiphase machines have significant advantages over the conventional three phase machine for fault tolerant operation since it can continue in its mode of operation using the remaining healthy phases without additional hardware. However, the design and control of the multiphase motor may seem complicated and the application range appears limited. It is still given preference due to its enhanced torque ripple and reduction in settling time in speed oscillation during a transient disturbance.
Multiphase permanent magnet motors have recently gained popularity due to the following key advantages over the traditional three phase machine: reduced torque ripples, lower current harmonics on the dc link and more degrees of freedom in mitigating the impact of a faulty phase without additional hardware12– 13. Multiphase machine are much favourable in high reliability based applications such as electric vehicles and aerospace. Therefore, with a special design without magnetic coupling between stator windings, the fault in one phase creates little impact on the operation of other phases14-15. However, if appropriate fault-tolerant control is not applied under open-circuit fault condition, the unbalanced currents could cause serious torque pulsation and may eventually result in downtime and machine breakdown16. The purpose of this study is to comparatively evaluate the dynamic performance of a three phase and five phase permanent magnet synchronous machine under a healthy state full load and under double line to ground faults. To attenuate the effect of high oscillations in speed and torque ripples during fault condition, the machine load was significantly reduced to one-quarter of the full load (12.5Nm) while a post fault current limiting series dynamic braking resistance (SDBR) of 2.5Ω with a bypassed switch was introduced to enhance the machine fault tolerant level and also improve its operational performance. Spectral analyses of the dynamic responses of the two machines were carried out to determine the magnitude of harmonic distortion during the fault free and double line to ground fault. Simulation analysis showed that an improved machine performance was achieved with a post fault current limiting series resistor with five phase PMSM having a better tenacity to sustain fault.
This paper is organized as follows: Sect. 1: Introduction. Section 2: General overview of multiphase permanent magnet synchronous machine. Section 3: Mathematical modeling of permanent magnet synchronous machine. Section 4: Multi-phase inverter and multi-carrier modulation scheme. Section 5: Simulation results and discussion. Section 6: Conclusion.
Modeling of three phase and five phase permanent magnet synchronous machine are analyzed in their dq-plane using the Park’s transformation. The three phase voltage equation is presented in Eq. (1).
The transformed voltage equation in accordance with reference17 is given by Eqs. (2) and (3).
A further simplification of Eq. (3) with detailed rearrangement of the trigonometry is given in Eqs. (4)–(6).
The basic non-linear models for electrical and mechanical equations for a surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor with zero sequence neglected are given by Eqs. (7)–(10).
Stator voltage equations of a five phase permanent synchronous machine in a five phase static coordinate is given by Eq. (11) while the decoupling transformation matrix is presented in Eq. (12) as referenced in18.
The first and second row of Eq. (12) represents the fundamental components while the third and fourth row represents the third harmonic components. The last row is referred to as the zero sequence components. The transformation matrix from five phase stationary to five phase synchronous coordinate is given by Eq. (13).
The transformation matrix from five phase synchronous coordinate to decoupling synchronous rotating coordinate is given by Eq. (14) as reported in18.
The stator voltage equation of the five phase PMSM in decoupling synchronously rotating dqo coordinate is presented in Eq. (15) as referenced in19.
The dqo-axis transformed voltage equations with zero sequence neglected for non-linear models of a five phase PMSM for electrical and mechanical models are presented in Eqs. (16)–(19) as reported in20.
The electromagnetic torque for the five-phase PMSM is given by Eq. (18).
where: \(\:{\text{V}}_{\text{d}1},\) \(\:{\text{V}}_{\text{q}1}\) , \(\:{\text{V}}_{\text{d}2}\) , \(\:{\text{V}}_{\text{q}2}\) and \(\:{\text{i}}_{\text{d}1},\) \(\:{\text{i}}_{\text{q}1}\) , \(\:{\text{i}}_{\text{d}2}\) , \(\:{\text{i}}_{\text{q}2}\) are the dq-axes phase voltages and currents with zero sequence neglected. \(\:{{\uplambda\:}}_{\text{a}\text{f}}\) is the flux-linkage while P is the number of poles of the machine. \(\:\text{J}\) is the moment of inertia, \(\:{{\upomega\:}}_{\text{m}\text{r}}\) is the motor speed, \(\:\text{B}\) is the damping coefficient of viscosity, \(\:{\text{T}}_{\text{e}\text{m}5{\Phi\:}}\) is the electromechanical torque developed by the five phase PMSM, \(\:{\text{T}}_{\text{L}}\) is the applied load torque. The circuit diagrams of the three and five phase inverter fed permanent magnet synchronous machines are shown in (Figs. 1a, 2a). A protective circuit for fault current limitation is introduced in Fig. 1(b) and 2(b). The connection of a series dynamic braking resistor with a bypassed static switch ensures a safe and enhanced output performance of the machine during a fault occurrence. The series dynamic braking resistor is usually bypassed during an ideal system operation through the static bypassed switch. However, under a fault condition, the switch is turned off and the series dynamic braking resistor limits the high current entry to the machine during the fault state. The switching control signal is presented in (Figs. 1b, 2b), while the PMSM machine parameters applied in the simulation as referenced in21.
(a) Three phase inverter fed 3Φ-PMSM under zero fault and (b) under 2LG fault with protection circuit.
(a) Five phase inverter fed 5Φ-PMSM under zero fault and (b) under 2LG fault with protection circuit.
A multiphase inverter which is applied in multiphase machine drives, as referenced in22 is always phase displaced by an angle theta with its equation represented in Eq. (20).
Where N stands for the expected number of phase which in this respect is considered as three and five phases. The converter output phase voltages for the three and five phases are related to the switching states and d.c link voltage of Fig. 1(a) and 2(a) and are presented in Eq. (21).
where: \(\:{\text{V}}_{\text{a}\text{n}},\:{\text{V}}_{\text{b}\text{n}},\:{\text{V}}_{\text{c}\text{n}},{\text{V}}_{\text{x}\text{n}},{\text{V}}_{\text{y}\text{n}},\) are the phase voltages at phase nodes a, b,c, x, and y to the negative rail of the d.c bus voltage. Vdc is the d.c bus voltage, n is the number of inverter levels which in this respect is two. The switching states are however determined by the pulse width modulator presented in (Fig. 3). The switching signals \(\:{\text{S}}_{\text{a}1}\cdots\:\cdots\:\cdots\:\:{\text{S}}_{\text{a}4}\) , \(\:{\text{S}}_{\text{b}3}\cdots\:\cdots\:\cdots\:\:{\text{S}}_{\text{b}6}\) , \(\:{\text{S}}_{\text{c}5}\cdots\:\cdots\:\cdots\:{\:\text{S}}_{\text{c}2}\) for the three phase inverter and \(\:{\text{S}}_{\text{a}1}\cdots\:\cdots\:\cdots\:\:{\text{S}}_{\text{a}2},\) \(\:{\text{S}}_{\text{b}1}\cdots\:\cdots\:\cdots\:\:{\text{S}}_{\text{b}2}\) , \(\:{\text{S}}_{\text{c}1}\cdots\:\cdots\:\cdots\:{\:\text{S}}_{\text{c}2}\) , \(\:{\text{S}}_{\text{x}1}\cdots\:\cdots\:\cdots\:\:{\text{S}}_{\text{x}2},\) and \(\:{\text{S}}_{\text{y}1}\cdots\:\cdots\:\cdots\:{\:\text{S}}_{\text{y}2},\) for the five phase inverter are generated using the In-phase disposition sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation technique. The respective firing signals are achieved by comparing symmetrical base carrier waves \(\:{\text{t}}_{\text{r}1}\cdots\:\cdots\:\cdots\:\:{\text{t}}_{\text{r}2}\) of different offset values with a modulating wave. The positive and negative offset values for the carrier signals are obtained from Eq. (22). The frequency range corresponding to the offset values is presented in Eq. (23).
The modulating wave is represented by Eq. (24) and in accordance with reference23.
where: \(\:{\text{A}}_{\text{m}}\) represents the amplitude of the modulating signal and this also determines the state of modulation index as illustrated in Eq. (25).
The technical report presented in24 showed that In-phase disposition modulation scheme provides the best harmonic profile over other modulation schemes at different modulation indices as given in (Table 1).
Simulation stages for the three-phase and five phase inverter fed permanent magnet synchronous machine at varied load under ideal and fault conditions were achieved with the aid of the block diagram presented in (Fig. 3). The electrical input and mechanical load were derived from Eqs. (1)–(19). The inverter switching pulse generator is realized with the illustrations presented in Eqs. (22)–(25)25.
Control block diagram of multi-phase inverter fed permanent magnet synchronous machine.
Simulation parameters applied in this study are presented in (Table 2).
In Fig. 12, three phase voltage and current sources under double line to ground fault is presented. It was observed that more distortion and rise in amplitude of the oscillation was obtained within the fault zone. The affected phases were grounded to zero which led to the obvious rise in the magnitude of the voltage and current of the unaffected phase. If allowed for a prolonged operation without a protective circuit could lead to complete breakdown.
In Fig. 13, the source voltage and current for the five phase PMSM under double line to ground fault is presented. It is obvious that the number of healthy phases was improved with a slight rise in the magnitude of the voltage and is less prone to a complete breakdown with minimal downtime. A prolonged operation is disallowed to prevent wears.
In Fig. 14, a comparative plot of three phase and five phase motor speed during double line to ground fault and 1/4th of the full load is presented. It is shown that a rapid oscillation in speed was observed in the three phase PMSM at start and during a fault occurrence at 0.15 to 0.25 s., with peak oscillation values of 17.93 to 116.6 Rad/Sec., at 0.1591 to 0.1763 s., and 52.73 to 105.6 Rad/Sec., at 0.2509 to 0.2566 s. In the contrast, the five phase PMSM speed displayed a reduced magnitude in oscillation peak values at start and during a double line to ground fault while maintaining a stable steady state under a post-fault condition.
In Fig. 15, the comparative plot of the three phase and five phase motor torque during a double line to ground fault and 1/4th of the full load shows that a pronounced oscillation in torque was observed at start for a three phase PMSM with peak oscillation values [-129.5 to 166.8] Nm at [ 0.00875 to 0.01422] Sec. During a double line to ground fault, a rapid oscillation in torque for the three phase PMSM was observed which peaked at [-116.1 to 118.8] Nm at [0.1558 to 0.1635] Sec., and [-107.4 to 127.2] Nm at [0.2483 to 0.2535] Sec. The peak oscillation of the three phase PMSM at fault condition is obviously higher than the amplitude of the five phase PMSM which is fault tolerant.
In Fig. 16, the spectral plot of %THD for the three phase PMSM on double line to ground faults and 1/4th of the full load shows that the %THD of 69.96% was obtained at a magnitude of 2.646 which is the resultant effect of the high speed oscillation as indicated in the selected signal during starting and under fault condition.
In Fig. 17, a plot of %THD for five phase motor speed on double line to ground faults and 1/4th of the full load shows that a reduced %THD of 34.13 with a magnitude of 3.227 was achieved and this confirms the reduced amplitude in the speed oscillation under a fault condition as shown in the selected signal.
In Fig. 18, the spectral plot of %THD for three phase motor torque under a double line to ground fault and 1/4th full load shows that the total harmonic distortion for the three phase PMSM rose to 142.43% with a magnitude of 4.843. This is indicative of high current drawn by the machine which s lethal to the machine smooth operation as shown in the pronounced torque ripples at the fault zone of the selected signal.
In Fig. 19, the spectral result for the five phase motor torque on double line to ground faults and 1/4th of full load showed that the %THD of 39.21% with a magnitude of 7.109 was obtained which is comparatively better than the three phase PMSM torque profile.
Post-fault performance enhancement and improved fault tolerance. The series dynamic braking resistor (SDBR) was incorporated to achieve this process. In Fig. 20, the resultant waveform for the three phase PMSM source voltage and current on double line to ground fault and 1/4th of the full load with a post fault series dynamic braking resistor of 2.5Ω is presented. It is observed that the initial distorted waveform and high amplitude of oscillation was reduced. The voltage and current profiles within the fault zone improved appreciably with the SDBR.
In Fig. 21, the plot of five phase PMSM source voltage and current with a post fault current limiting SDBR of 2.5Ω is presented. It is observed that the source voltage amplitude moderately increased within the fault zone as compared with the three phase PMSM waveform presented in (Fig. 13).
A plot of three phase and five phase PMSM motor speed with a post fault current limiting SDBR is presented in (Fig. 22). It is also observed that the amplitude of the speed oscillation within the fault zone reduced as compared to Fig. 14 in the sequence of [67.74 to 91.14] Rad/Sec., at [0.1572 to 0.1638] Sec., and also [66.47 to 89.26] Rad/Sec. at [0.2496 to 0.2544] Sec. This reduced amplitude in oscillations within the fault zone gives rise to a minimal acoustic noise and unwanted vibrations of the machine.
In Fig. 23, a plot of three phase and five phase motor torque with a post-fault SDBR is presented. It is also observed that the magnitude of torque ripple was reduced within the fault zone in the following sequence [-32.15 to 54.91] Nm at [0.1558 to 0.161] Sec. and [-41.61 to 64.66] Nm at [0.2473 to 0.2519] Sec., as compared to the resultant waveform presented in (Fig. 15).
In Fig. 24, a spectral plot of the THD for the three phase motor speed with a 2.5Ω post fault SDBR is presented. It is shown that a reduced %THD value of 42.96% was obtained in contrast to the 69.96% achieved in (Fig. 16). This is also indicative of an improved fault tolerant performance of the machine with a SDBR.
In Fig. 25, a plot of %THD for five phase PMSM speed with a post fault SDBR is presented. It is observed that the %THD value of 32.78% was obtained which has a slight reduction in value as compared to the 34.13% derived from Fig. 17 without a SDBR.
In Fig. 26, a plot of THD for the three phase motor torque with a post fault SDBR is presented. It is observed that the %THD reduced significantly to 73.81% as compared to the 142.43% given in (Fig. 18).
In Fig. 27, a plot of THD for five phase motor torque with a post fault SDBR is presented. %THD of 31.86% was obtained which is obviously less than 39.21% as obtained in (Fig. 19). In summary, it is proven through simulation that with a post fault current limiting series dynamic braking resistor, an enhanced torque ripples and machine overall improved performance is achieved.
A comparative % THD values for the two machine types (3Φ and 5Φ PMSM) based on the three conditions of dynamic performances such as: Full load under a zero fault, double line to ground fault with 1/4th of full load and under a double line to ground fault with a protection circuit as illustrated in the simulation results are summarized in (Table 3).
A plot of three phase source voltage and current at zero faults and full load.
A plot of five phase source voltage and current at zero faults and full load.
A plot of 3Φ and 5Φ motor speed at zero faults and full load.
A plot of 3Φ and 5Φ motor developed torque at zero faults and full load.
A plot of THD for 3Φ motor speed at zero faults and full load.
A plot of THD for 5Φ motor speed at zero faults and full load.
A plot of THD for 3Φ motor developed torque at zero faults and full load.
A plot of THD for 5Φ motor developed torque at zero faults and full load.
Plot of 3Φ source voltage & current on 2LG fault with 1/4th of full load & zero SDBR.
Plot of 5Φ source voltage & current on 2LG fault with 1/4th of full load & zero SDBR.
A plot of 3Φ and 5Φ Motor Speed on 2LG faults with 1/4th of full load and zero SDBR.
A plot of 3Φ and 5Φ Motor Torque on 2LG faults with 1/4th of full load and zero SDBR.
A plot of THD for 3Φ motor speed on 2LG faults with 1/4th of full load and zero SDBR.
A plot of THD for 5Φ motor speed on 2LG faults and 1/4th of full load with zero SDBR.
Plot of THD for 3Φ motor torque on 2LG faults & 1/4th of full load with zero SDBR.
Plot of THD for 5Φ motor torque on 2LG faults & 1/4th of full load with zero SDBR.
Plot of 3Φ source voltage & current on 2LG fault & 1/4th of full load with 2.5Ω SDBR.
Plot of 5Φ source voltage & current on 2LG fault & 1/4th of full load with 2.5Ω SDBR.
A plot of 3Φ and 5Φ motor speed on 2LG faults and 1/4th of full load with 2.5Ω SDBR.
A plot of 3Φ and 5Φ motor torque on 2LG faults with 1/4th of full load and 2.5Ω SDBR.
A plot of THD for 3Φ motor speed on 2LG faults and 1/4th of full load with 2.5Ω SDBR.
A plot of THD for 5Φ motor speed on 2LG faults and 1/4th of full load with 2.5Ω SDBR.
Plot of THD for 3Φ motor torque on 2LG faults & 1/4th of full load with 2.5Ω SDBR.
Plot of THD for 5Φ motor torque on 2LG faults & 1/4th of full load with 2.5Ω SDBR.
This paper presented a comparative study and evaluation of a three-phase and five-phase inverter fed permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with respect to their performance characteristics under an ideal/healthy state and during transient disturbances such as varied load and double line to ground faults. In order to avert the high oscillations in speed and torque ripples during fault condition, the machine load was significantly reduced to 1/4th of the full load and a post fault current limiting series dynamic braking resistance with a bypassed switch was introduced to enhance the machine fault tolerance level and improve its operational performance. Spectral analysis was carried out to determine the magnitude of harmonic distortion during these conditions. The simulation results show that the five-phase PMSM achieved a reduced oscillatory transient and a faster settling time in speed and torque under a varied load. It also exhibited good harmonic profiles as indicated in the respective % THD values when compared to the three phase PMSM which is prone to high harmonic overheat. However, when subjected to a double line to ground fault, their various %THD values in speed and torque increased with five-phase PMSM still having a reduced %THD values over the three-phase PMSM. Therefore, for a higher fault tolerant capability, greater efficiency with proven reliability, a five-phase PMSM is a better substitute when compared with the three-phase PMSM in industrial applications where safety and loss minimization is of utmost importance.
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Das, S. & Subudki, B. A high robust active and reactive power control scheme for a PMSG-Based wind energy conversion system. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 33 (3), 980–990 (2018).
Okedu, K. E. & Muyeen, S. M. Enhanced performance of PMSG wind turbines during grid disturbances at different network strength considering fault current limiter. Inc Trans. Electr. Energy Syst. Wiley 21 (1), 12–85 (2021).
Nasiri, F. M., Benbouziki, M., Gharehpetian, G. B. Applications of multi-step bridge type fault current limiter for fault ride through capability enhancement of permanent magnet synchronous generator based wind turbines. Inc Trans. Electr. Energy Syst. Vol. 30 (11), 1–10 (2020).
Zhang, L., Fan, Y., Cui, R., Lorenz, R. D. & Cheng, M. Fault-tolerant direct torque control of five-phase FTFSCW-PM motor based on analogous three phase SVPWM for electric vehicle applications. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. Vol. 67 (2), 910–919 (2018).
Huang, W., Hua, W., Chen, F., Yin, F. & Qi, J. Model predictive current control of open circuit fault-tolerant five-phase flux-switching permanent magnet motor drives. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topic Power electron 6, 4, 1840–1849 (2018).
Kong, J., Wang, K., Zhang, J. & Zhang, H. Multiple open-switch fault diagnosis for five-phase permanent magnet machine utilizing currents in stationary reference frame. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 36, 314–324 (2021).
Chen, H., He, J., Demerdash, N. A. O., Guan, X. & Lee, C. H. T. Diagnosis of open-phase faults for a five-phase PMSM fed by a closed-loop vector-controlled drive based on magnetic field pendulous oscillation technique. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. Vol. 68, 5582–5593 (2021).
Huang, W., Hua, W., Chen, F., Mingin, H. & Zhu, J. Model predictive torque control with SVM for five-phase PMSM under open-circuit fault condition. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 35, 5, (2020).
Tian, B., Molinas, M. & An, Q. PWM investigation of a field-oriented controlled five-phase PMSM under two-phase open faults. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 36, 580–593 (2021).
Bermudez, M. et al. Open-phase fault-tolerant drive torque control techniques for five phase induction motor drives. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 64 (2), 902–911 (2017).
Vu, D. T., Nguyen, N. K. & Semail, E. Fault-tolerant control for non-sinusoidal multiphase drives with minimum torque ripple. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. Vol. 37, 6290–6304 (2022).
Yepes, A. G., Doval-Gandoy, J., Baneira, F. & Toliyat, H. Comparison of stator winding connections in multiphase drives under healthy operation and with one open converter leg. IET Electr. Power Appl. Vol. 14, 584–596 (2020).
Yepes, A. G. & Doval-Gandoy, J. Study and active enhancement by converter reconfiguration of the performance in terms of stator copper loss, derating factor and converter rating of multiphase drives under two open legs with different stator winding connections. IEEE Access. Vol. 9, 63356–63376 (2021).
Salas-Biedma, P., Gonzalez-Prieto, I., Duran, M. J., Bermudez, M. & Barrero, F. Multiphase current imbalance localization method applied to natural fault-tolerant strategies. IET Electr. Power Appl. 14, 1421–1429 (2020).
Chen, C., Zhou, H., Wang, G. & Liu, G. Unified decoupling vector control of five-phase permanent-magnet motor with double-phase faults. IEEE Access. Vol. 8, 152646–152658 (2020).
Huang, W., Hua, W., Chen, F. & Zhu, J. Enhanced model predictive torque control of fault-tolerant five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor with harmonic restraint and voltage pre-selection. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. Vol. 67, 6259–6269 (2020).
Omeje, C. O., Salau, A. O. & Eya, C. U. Dynamics analysis of permanent magnet synchronous motor speed control with enhanced state feedback controller using a linear quadratic regulator. Heliyon 10 (4), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26018 (2024).
Tian, B. et al. Decoupled modeling and nonlinear speed control for five-phase PMmotor under single-phase open fault. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. Vol. 32, 5473–5486 (2017).
Gupta, N. & Kaarthik, T. G. G. Modeling and decoupled control of series-connected split-phase synchronous machines with open-circuit fault. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 56, 325–334 (2020).
Umoh, G., Ogbuka, C., Obe, E. & Modelling and Analysis of five-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor in machine variables. https://doi.org/10.15199/48.2020.01.21 (2020).
Omeje, C. O. & Eya, C. U. A comparative braking scheme in auto-electric drive systems with permanent magnet synchronous machine. Int. J. Appl. Power Eng. 11 (4) 251–263, (2022).
Eya, C. U., Salau, A. O. & Omeje, C. O. Performance analysis of mono-stage three-phase DC-AC converter with reduced logic power supply circuits. Sci. Afr. e02421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02421 (2024).
Eya, C. U., Salau, A. O. & Oti, S. E. Constant and wireless controlled DC-to-AC based boost differential converter with a sensor-less changeover system. Int. J. Syst. Assur. Eng. Manag. 13, 1321–1340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-021-01451-x (2022).
Mohan, D. & Kurub, S. B. A Comparative analysis of multi-carriers SPWM control strategies using fifteen level cascaded H-ridge multi-level inverter. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 41, (21) 975–987 (2012).
Omeje, C. O. & Salau, A. O. Torque ripples enhancement of a PMBLDC motor propelled through quadratic DC-DC boost converter at varying load. ISA Trans. 143, 385–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2023.08.027 (2023).
Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
Department of Electrical/Electronics and Computer Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Crescent Onyebuchi Omeje: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing- Original draft preparation, Validation. Ayodeji Olalekan Salau: Data curation, Visualization, Investigation, Methodology and Writing—Reviewing and Editing, Validation.
Correspondence to Ayodeji Olalekan Salau.
The authors declare no competing interests.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
Omeje, C.O., Salau, A.O. Evaluative assessment of a five-phase and three-phase permanent magnet synchronous machine at varied loads and fault conditions. Sci Rep 14, 25789 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-76257-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-76257-5
Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative
Scientific Reports (Sci Rep) ISSN 2045-2322 (online)
ac motor winding Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.