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Nature Astronomy (2024 )Cite this article laser engraver for tumblers
The accretion of matter by compact objects can be inhibited by radiation pressure if the luminosity exceeds a critical value known as the Eddington limit. The discovery of ultraluminous X-ray sources has shown that accretion can proceed even when the apparent luminosity considerably exceeds this limit. A high apparent luminosity might be produced due to the geometric beaming of radiation by an outflow. The outflow half-opening angle, which determines the amplification due to beaming, has never been robustly constrained. Using the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer, we measured the X-ray polarization in the Galactic X-ray binary Cygnus X-3 (Cyg X-3). We found high, >20%, nearly energy-independent linear polarization orthogonal to the direction of the radio ejections. These properties unambiguously indicate the presence of a collimating outflow from the X-ray binary Cyg X-3 and constrain its half-opening angle to ≲ 15°. Thus, the source can be used as a laboratory for studying the supercritical accretion regime. This finding underscores the importance of X-ray polarimetry in advancing our understanding of accreting sources.
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The IXPE, NuSTAR, NICER, INTEGRAL and Fermi data are freely available in the HEASARC Data Archive (https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov). The SRG ART-XC data are available via ftp://hea.iki.rssi.ru/public/SRG/ART-XC/data/Cyg_X-3/artxc_cygx3_04-20keV_lcurve.qdp. The multiwavelength raw data are available on request from the individual observatories.
The analysis and simulation software IXPEOBSSIM developed by the IXPE Collaboration and its documentation is available publicly through the web-page https://ixpeobssim.readthedocs.io/en/latest/?badge=latest.494. XSPEC is distributed and maintained under the aegis of the HEASARC and can be downloaded as part of HEAsoft from http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/software/lheasoft/download.html. The MIR software package for the SMA data is available at https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~cqi/mircook.html. Models of the polarized emission from the funnel are available via Zenodo at https://zenodo.org/records/10889892 (ref. 106). The STOKES code v.2.07 is available upon reasonable request from the authors.
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IXPE is a joint US and Italian mission. The US contribution is supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and led and managed by its Marshall Space Flight Center, with industry partner Ball Aerospace (Contract NNM15AA18C). The Italian contribution is supported by ASI (Contract ASI-OHBI-2017-12-I.0 and Agreements ASI-INAF-2017-12-H0 and ASI-INFN-2017.13-H0) and its Space Science Data Center and by the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics and the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics. For the AMI observations, we thank the staff of the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory, University of Cambridge, for their support in the maintenance and operation of the telescope, and we acknowledge support from the European Research Council (Grant No. ERC-2012-StG-307215 LODESTONE). The SMA is a joint project between the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. SMA is on Maunakea, which is a culturally important site for the indigenous Hawaiian people; we are privileged to study the cosmos from its summit. This work is partly based on observations with the 100-m telescope of the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy at Effelsberg. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement No. 101004719; ORP). The AGILE Mission is funded by ASI with scientific and programmatic participation by the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics and the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics. This investigation was supported by the ASI (Grant No. I/028/12/7-2022). We thank H. Feng for providing the data on the representative ULX models. F. Muleri, A.D.M., F.L.M., E. Costa, P. Soffitta, S.F. and R.F. are partially supported by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Grant No. CN24GR08, GRBAXP: Guangxi-Rome Bilateral Agreement for X-ray Polarimetry in Astrophysics). A.V., J. Poutanen and S.S.T. acknowledge support from the Academy of Finland (Grant Nos. 333112, 347003, 349144, 349373, 349906 and 355672). A.A.M. is supported by the Stephen Hawking fellowship from UK Research and Innovation. H.K. and N.R.C. acknowledge NASA support (Grant Nos. 80NSSC18K0264, 80NSSC22K1291, 80NSSC21K1817 and NNX16AC42G). V.D. thanks the German Academic Exchange Service (Travel Grant No. 57525212). A.I. acknowledges support from the Royal Society. J. Podgorný, M.D., J.S. and V.K. give thanks for support from the Czech Science Foundation (Project 21-06825X) and institutional support from the Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (Project RVO:67985815). We thank the staff of the GMRT who made these observations possible. GMRT is run by the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. R.K. acknowledges the support of the Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India (Project No. 12-R&D-TFR-5.02-0700). M.M. is supported by NASA (Contract NAS8-03060). S.A.T. is supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (Grant No. 075-15-2022-262; 13.MNPMU.21.0003). A.A.Z. acknowledges support from the Polish National Science Center (Grant No. 2019/35/B/ST9/03944).
Unaffiliated: Alexander A. Lutovinov, Sergey V. Molkov, Ilya A. Mereminskiy.
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Alexandra Veledina, Juri Poutanen, Sofia V. Forsblom, Vladislav Loktev, Sergey S. Tsygankov & Jari J. E. Kajava
Nordita, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
INAF Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Rome, Italy
Fabio Muleri, Fiamma Capitanio, Alessandra De Rosa, Alessandro Di Marco, Fabio La Monaca, Ajay Ratheesh, Enrico Costa, Giovanni Piano, Paolo Soffitta, Ettore Del Monte, Yuri Evangelista, Sergio Fabiani, Riccardo Ferrazzoli, John Rankin & Fei Xie
University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg Astronomical Observatory, Strasbourg, France
Jakub Podgorný & Frédéric Marin
Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Jakub Podgorný, Michal Dovčiak, Jiri Svoboda & Vladimir Karas
Astronomical Institute, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Garching, Germany
Eugene Churazov & Rashid A. Sunyaev
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, USA
Philip Kaaret, Martin C. Weisskopf, Wayne H. Baumgartner, Stephen D. Bongiorno, Steven R. Ehlert, Jeffery J. Kolodziejczak, Stephen L. O’Dell, Brian D. Ramsey, Allyn F. Tennant & Nicholas E. Thomas
Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
Henric Krawczynski & Nicole Rodriguez Cavero
Department of Physics, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
Fabio La Monaca & Francesco Tombesi
Department of Physics, University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Alexander A. Mushtukov & Joe S. Bright
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
James F. Steiner, Mark Gurwell, Michael McCollough, Ramprasad Rao & Patrick Slane
Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Department of Mathematics and Physics, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
Stefano Bianchi, Giorgio Matt & Francesco Ursini
Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnij Arkhyz, Russia
Nikolaj Bursov, Nikolaj Nizhelsky, Anton Shevchenko, Sergei A. Trushkin & Peter Tsybulev
INAF Astronomical Observatory of Cagliari, Selargius, Italy
Elise Egron, Maura Pilia, Matteo Bachetti, Andrea Possenti & Alessio Trois
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
Javier A. Garcia & Michela Negro
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
School of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Serco for the European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre, Madrid, Spain
National Centre for Radio Astrophysics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Pune, India
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Bonn, Germany
Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Denys Malyshev & Victor Doroshenko
Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, Rome, Italy
Carlotta Pittori, Lucio A. Antonelli, Stefano Ciprini, Matteo Perri & Simonetta Puccetti
INAF Astronomical Observatory of Rome, Rome, Italy
Carlotta Pittori, Lucio A. Antonelli, Alessandro Papitto & Matteo Perri
INAF Institute of Radio Astronomy, Bologna, Italy
National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Rome Section 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
Francesco Tombesi & Stefano Ciprini
Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
Kinwah Wu, Roberto Turolla & Silvia Zane
Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia–CSIC, Granada, Spain
Iván Agudo & Alessandro Brez
National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Pisa Section, Pisa, Italy
Luca Baldini, Ronaldo Bellazzini, Simone Castellano, Alberto Manfreda, Melissa Pesce-Rollins, Carmelo Sgrò & Gloria Spandre
Department of Physics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Turin Section, Turin, Italy
Raffaella Bonino, Luca Latronico, Simone Maldera, Francesco Massaro & Chiara Oppedisano
Department of Physics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Raffaella Bonino & Francesco Massaro
INAF Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory, Florence, Italy
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Florence Section, Florence, Italy
Italian Space Agency, Rome, Italy
Elisabetta Cavazzuti, Laura Di Gesu, Immacolata Donnarumma & Andrea Marinucci
Science and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association, Huntsville, AL, USA
Chien-Ting Chen, Oliver Roberts & Doug Swartz
Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Niccolò Di Lalla, Nicola Omodei, Abel L. Peirson & Roger W. Romani
RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Japan
Teruaki Enoto, Takao Kitaguchi & Toru Tamagawa
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Svetlana G. Jorstad & Alan P. Marscher
Department of Astrophysics, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
Department of Physics and Astronomy and Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Graduate School of Science, Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Ikuyuki Mitsuishi & Yuzuru Tawara
Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, USA
Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
INAF Brera Astronomical Observatory, Merate, Italy
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
Roberto Taverna & Roberto Turolla
Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy & GRAPPA, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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